2.1 What is science?
Scientists collect data and develop theories, models, and laws about how nature works
Science is a Search for Order in Nature
have you ever seen an area in a forest where all the trees were cut down? if so. you might wonder about the effects of cutting down all those trees. You might wonder how it affected the animals and people Living in that area and how it affected the land itself.
2.1什麼是科學？
科學家收集數據並且開發理論、模型和法律關於怎樣自然運作
科學是一自然基本的本質
您看了一個區域在森林裡，所有樹被砍伐光？ 如果如此。 您也許對砍樹感到所帶來的副作用。 您也許想知道怎麼它影響了居住在那個區域的動物和人民，并且他怎麼影響了土地。
2.2 What is matter?
Matter consists of elements and compounds. which are n turn made up of atoms, ions, molecules.
Matter Consists of Elements and Compounds
To begin our study of environmental science, we start at the most basic level, looking at the stuff that makes up Life and its environment—matter. Matter is any thing that has mass and takes up space. it is found In two chemical forms. One Is elements: the distinctive building blocks of matter that make up every material substance. For example, gold is an element that cannot be broken down Into any other substance. Some matter consists of one element, but most matter consists of compounds combinations of two or more different elements held together In fixed proportions. For example. water is a compound made of the elements hydrogen and oxygen, which have chemically combined
2.2什麼是問題？
問題包括元素和化合物。哪些是由原子，離子，分子製成。
問題包括元素和化合物
要開始我們的環境科學的研究，我們以最基本的水平開始，看組成生活和它的環境的材料。 問題是有大量并且佔去空間的所有事。 它以化學形式被找到。元素： 組成每種物質的基本元素。 例如，金子是不可能為其他物質被劃分的元素。 某一問題包括一個元素，但多數問題包括在固定的比例相連的兩個或多個不同的元素的化合物組合。 例如。 水的化合物被做元素氫和氧氣，
2.3 how can matter change?
When matter undergoes a physical or chemical cat change, no atoms are created or destroyed the Law of conservation of matter
2-4 What is energy and how can It change its form?
When energy is converted from one form to another in a physical or chemical change, no energy is created or destroyed first law of thermodynamics
2.5 How can we use matter and energy more sustainably?
The processes of life must conform to the law of conservation of matter and the two laws of thermodynamics
2008年10月10日 星期五
1-4~1-6
1-4 What Is Pollution and What Can We Do about It?
CONCEPT 1-4 Preventing pollution is more effective and less costly than cleaning up
pollution.
Copyright 2008 Thomson Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
Pollution Comesfrom a Number of Sources
Pollution is any chemical or physical change in the environment that is harmful to humans or other living organisms. Pollutants can enter the environment naturally,such as from volcanic eruptions, or through human activities, such as burning coal and gasoline.
1-4 什麼是汙染，并且我們可以做什麼對此？
概念 1-4 防止汙染比清掃有效和較不昂貴的汙染。
汙染來從一定數量的來源
汙染 是在上的所有化學製品或物理變化 對人或其他生活是有害的環境有機體。汙染物可能自然地進入環境，例如從火山爆發，或者通過人活動，例如灼燒的煤炭和汽油。
生字
volcanic a. 火山(性)的;由火山作用所引起的
eruptions n. (火山)爆發;(熔岩的)噴出
identifiable a. 可認明的;可識別的;可證明是同一的
smokestack n. (汽船、火車、工廠的)煙囪
drainpipe n. 排水管;泄水管
pipe n. 管,導管,輸送管[C]
pesticides農藥
blown (blow的過去分詞)a. 吹製的,吹成的
streams n. 小河,溪流
dispersed a. 被驅散的
disrupt vt. 使分裂,使瓦解
nuisances n. 討厭的人(或事物);麻煩事[C
unpleasant a. 使人不愉快的;不中意的;討厭的
stack n. 乾草堆,稻草堆,麥稈堆
steel n. 鋼,鋼鐵[U] 鋼鐵製品;刀,劍[U]
mill n. 磨坊;麵粉廠
input n. 投入
diluting vt. 稀釋[(+with)]
identified vt. 視...(與...)為同一事物[(+with)]
relying vi. 依靠,依賴;依仗[(+on/upon)]
temporary a. 臨時的;暫時的,一時的[Z]
bandage n. 繃帶[C] vt. 用繃帶包紮[(+up)]
corresponding a. 符合的;一致的;相同的
catalytic a. 接觸反應的;起催化作用的n. 【化】催化劑
effectiveness n. 有效;有力
toxic a. 毒(性)的,有毒的
ash n. 灰,灰燼[U][P]
dumped vt. 傾倒;拋棄
seepage n. 滲流
pipe n. 管,導管,輸送管[C]
discuss vt. 討論,商談;論述,詳述[(+with)][+wh-]
1-5 Why Do We Have Environmental Problems?
CONCEPT 1-5A Major causes of environmental problems are population growth, wasteful
and unsustainable resource use, poverty, excluding the environmental costs of resource use
from the market prices of goods and services, and trying to manage nature with insufficient
knowledge.
CONCEPT 1-5B People with different environmental worldviews often disagree about the
seriousness of environmental problems and what we should do about them.
Experts Have Identified Five Basic
Causes of Environmental Problems
As we run more and more of the earth’s natural resources
through the global economy, in many parts of
the world, forests are shrinking, deserts are expanding,
soils are eroding, and rangelands are deteriorating. In
addition, the lower atmosphere is warming, glaciers are
melting, seas are rising, and storms are becoming more
destructive. And in many areas, water tables are falling,
rivers are running dry, fisheries are collapsing, coral
reefs are disappearing, various forms of life are becoming
extinct, environmental refugees are increasing, and
outputs of some pollutants and wastes are rising.
1-5 為什麼我們有環境問題？
概念1-5A 環境問題的主要起因是人口增長，不包括資源用途的環境費用,從物品和服務和市場價處理自然以不足知識。
概念 1-5B 用不同的環境worldviews的人們經常不同意關於環境問題的重要性，我們應該關心他們。
專家辨認了五個環境問題 ,在世界許多地方，森林是收縮的，沙漠擴展，
土壤腐蝕，并且牧場惡化。 在加上，冰川熔化，海水上升，風暴變為更多破壞性。 且在許多區域，造成地下水位下降，河是跑乾燥，漁場崩潰，珊瑚礁石消失，各種各樣生物成為绝種，環境難民增加，和一些汙染物和廢物產品上升。
Poverty Has Harmful Environmentaland Health Effects
Poverty occurs when people are unable to meet their
basic needs for food, water, shelter, health, and education
(Figure 1-11,p. 16). The daily lives of half of the world’s people, who trying to live on the equivalent of many of the world’s desperately poor die prematurely
from several preventable health problems.
One such problem is malnutrition, or a lack of protein and other nutrients needed for good health
(Figure 1-12). The resulting weakened condition can increase the chances of death from normally nonfatal diarrhea and measles. A second problem is limited access
to adequate sanitation facilities and clean drinking water. More than 2.6 billion people (39% of the world’s population) have no decent bathroom facilities. They are forced to use fields, backyards, ditches, and streams. As a result, more than 1 billion people—one of every
seven—get water for drinking, washing, and cooking from sources polluted by human and animal feces. A third problem is severe respiratory disease and premaless than $2 a day, are focused on getting enough food, water, and cooking and heating fuel to survive. Desperate
for land to grow enough food, some of these people are increasingly depleting and degrading forests, soil, grasslands, fisheries, and wildlife for short-term survival.
They do not have the luxury of worrying about long-term environmental quality or sustainability. Poverty affects population growth. To many of the
poor, having more children is a matter of survival. Their children help them gather fuel (mostly wood and animal dung), haul drinking water, and tend crops and livestock. The children also help care for them in their old age (which is their 40s or 50s in the poorest countries)
because they do not have social security, health care, and retirement funds.
貧窮有有害環境並且健康是被貧窮影響的, 當人們無法發生滿足對食物、水、健康和教育的基本的需要，其中一個這樣問題是 營養不良， 或缺乏蛋白質和其他營養素為身體需要
第二個問題是有限的通入
到充分衛生設施和乾淨喝
水。 超過2.6十億個人沒有正派衛生間設施。他們
被迫使用領域、後院、壟溝和小河。
第三個問題比$2 每天，集中於得到足够的食物嚴厲呼吸道疾病和premaless，
澆灌，和烹調和採暖燃料生存。 绝望
為土地種植足够的食物，其中一些人越來越耗盡和貶低的森林，土壤，
草原、漁場和野生生物為短期生存。
他們沒有豪華憂慮
長期環境質量或能持續力。
貧窮影響人口增長。 對許多
貧寒，有更多孩子是生存事情。
他們的孩子幫助他們會集燃料(主要木頭和
動物糞)，拖拉飲用水，并且趨向莊稼和
家畜。 孩子也幫助喜歡他們在他們的老年
因為他們沒有社會保險，健康關心和退休基金。
Affluence Has Harmful and
Beneficial Environmental Effects
The harmful environmental effects of poverty are serious
but those of affluence are much worse (Figure 1-8,
top). The lifestyles of many affluent consumers in developed
countries and in rapidly developing countries
such as India and China (Case Study, p. 13) are built
upon high levels of consumption and unnecessary
waste of resources. Such affluence is based mostly on
the assumption—fueled by mass advertising—that buying
more things will bring fulfillment and happiness.
This type of affluence has an enormous harmful environmental
impact. It takes about 27 tractor-trailer
loads of resources per year to support one American, or
7.9 billion truckloads per year to support the entire
U.S. population. Stretched end-to-end, this number of
trucks would reach beyond the sun!
豐富有有害和有利環境效果
貧窮的有害的環境效果是嚴肅的
但那些豐富是更壞的。許多富有消費者生活方式在開發
國家和在迅速地發展中國家
例如印度和中國 被修造
在高水平消耗量和多餘
資源浪費。 這樣豐富根據主要 假定通過許多做廣告刺激購買
將帶來履行和幸福。
豐富的這個類型有一極大有害環境
衝擊。 它乘大約27 牽引車拖車
資源裝載每支持一個美國人的年或者
7.9每支持整個的年十億貨車
美國. 人口。
Prices Do Not Include the Value
of Natural Capital
When companies use resources to create goods and
services for consumers, they are generally not required
to pay the environmental costs of such resource use.
For example, fishing companies pay the costs of catching
fish but do not pay for the depletion of fish stocks.
Timber companies pay for clear-cutting forests but not
for the resulting environmental degradation and loss of
wildlife habitat. These companies reasonably seek to
maximize their profits, so they do not voluntarily pay
these costs or even try to assess them, unless required
to do so by government laws or regulations.
As a result, the prices of goods and services do not
include their harmful environmental costs. Thus consumers
are generally not aware of them and have no
effective way to evaluate the harmful effects of the
goods and services they buy on the earth’s life-support
systems.
Another problem is that governments give companies
tax breaks and payments called subsidies to assist
them with using resources to run their businesses. This
helps create jobs and stimulate economies, but it can
also result in degradation of natural capital, again, because
the value of the natural capital is not considered.
We explore these problems and some possible solutions
in later chapters.
價格不包括價值
自然資本
當公司使用資源創造物品和
服務為消費者，一般沒有需要他們
支付這樣資源用途的環境費用。
例如，釣魚公司支付捉住的費用
魚，但不支付漁業儲備的取盡。
木材公司支付清楚切口森林，但沒有
為發生的環境退化和損失
野生生物棲所。 合理這些公司尋求
最大化他們的贏利，因此他們不自願支付
估計他們的這些費用甚至嘗試，除非要求
由政府法律或章程如此做。
結果，物品和服務的價格不包括他們有害的環境費用。 因而消費者
一般不要知道他們并且有沒有有效方式評估惡性影響的
他們在地球上買的物品和服務生活支持系統。
另一個問題是政府給公司
減稅和付款叫 補貼 協助
他們以使用資源經營他們的業務。 這
幫助創造工作并且刺激經濟，但它能
也導致自然資本的退化，再，因為自然資本的價值沒有被考慮。
我們探索這些問題和一些可能解決方案
People Have Different Views
about Environmental Problems
and Their Solutions
Differing views about the seriousness of our environmental
problems and what we should do about them
arise mostly out of differing environmental worldviews.
Your environmental worldview is a set of assumptions
and values reflecting how you think the
world works and what you think your role in the
world should be. This involves environmental ethics,
which are our beliefs about what is right and wrong
with how we treat the environment. Here are some
important ethical questions relating to the environment:
• Why should we care about the environment?
• Are we the most important beings on the planet or
are we just one of the earth’s millions of different
forms of life?
• Do we have an obligation to see that our activities
do not cause the premature extinction of other life
forms? Should we try to protect all life forms or
only some? How do we decide which ones to
protect?
• Do we have an ethical obligation to pass on to future
generations the extraordinary natural world in
at least as good condition as we inherited?
• Should every person be entitled to equal protection
from environmental hazards regardless of race,
gender, age, national origin, income, social class, or
any other factor? This is the central ethical and political
issue for what is known as the environmental
justice movement. See the Guest Essay on this topic
by Robert D. Bullard at ThomsonNOW.
人們有不同的看法
關於環境問題
并且他們的解答
分歧見解關於重要性我們環境
問題，并且什麼我們應該做關於他們
主要從不同的環境worldviews中出現。
環境 worldview 是一套假定
并且反射怎麼的價值您認為世界工作，什麼是您存在的角色
世界應該是。 這介入環境概念，
哪些是我們的信仰關於什麼是正確和錯誤的
與怎樣我們對待環境。 這一些
重要 道德問題 關於環境：
• 為什麼我們應該對環境關心？
• 是我們最重要的生存在行星或
是我們一地球成千上萬不同
生活的形式？
• 我們有義務看我們的活動
不要導致其他生活的過早的绝種
形式？ 如果我們設法保護所有生活型或
仅一些？ 怎麼我們決定哪個保護？
• 我們有道德義務通過對未來
世代非凡自然世界
至少當優良條件，我們繼承了？
• 如果有資格每個人合計保護
從環境危害不管種族，
性別，年齡，原國籍，收入，社會階層或者
其他因素？ 這是中央道德和政治的
問題為什麼通認作為 環境
正義 運動。 看客人雜文在這個題目
由羅伯特・ D。 Bullard在 ThomsonNOW。
Individuals Matter
Chattanooga’s story shows that a key to finding solutions
to environmental problems and making a transition
to more sustainable societies is to recognize that
most social change results from individual actions and
individuals acting together to bring about change by
bottom-up grassroots action. In other words, individuals
matter—an important theme of this book. Research by
social scientists suggests that it takes only 5–10% of the
population of a community, country, or the world to
bring about major social change. Such research also
shows that significant social change can occur in a
much shorter time than most people think.
Anthropologist Margaret Mead summarized our potential
for social change: “Never doubt that a small
group of thoughtful, committed citizens can change the
world. Indeed, it is the only thing that ever has.”
個體問題
加得奴加¡¦s故事顯示那一把鑰匙對發現解答
對環境問題和做轉折
對更加能承受的社會是認可那
多數社會改變起因於各自的行動和
個體一起行動達到變動
由下往上 基層行動。
社會學家建議它
一個社區、國家或者世界的人口
達到主要社會改變。 也這樣研究
表示，重大的社會改變在a可能發生
短時間比多數人認為。
人類學家Margaret Mead 總結了我們的潛力
為社會改變： 不要懷疑小
組體貼，做的公民能改變
Identified vt. 確認;識別;鑑定,驗明[(+as)] 發現,確定
shrinking vi收縮,縮短,皺縮 vt. 使收縮,使皺縮 n. 收縮[C][U
expanding a. 擴展中的;擴大中的
eroding vt. 腐蝕;侵蝕;磨損
rangeland n.牧場
deteriorating vt. 惡化;質量(或價值)下降;退化;墮落
glaciers n. 冰河[C]
destructive a.破壞的;毀滅性的[(+of/to)]
collapsing vt倒塌崩潰,瓦解;(價格)暴跌;(計劃等)突然失敗 n. 倒塌;崩潰[U]
extinct a. (火等)熄滅了的, 絕種的,滅絕的
refugees n. 難民;流亡者[C]
outputs n. 出產;生產;使出;用出
unsustainable a. 無法支撐的;無選派,派遣法維持的
poverty n. 貧窮,貧困
detail n. 細節;詳情;瑣事;枝節vt.
shelter n. 遮蓋物;躲避處;避難所[C][(+from)]
equivalent a. 相等的,相同的[(+to)] n. 相等物;等價物[(+of/to)]
Adequate a. 能滿足需要(量)的,足夠的[(+for)][+to-v]
sanitation n. 公共衛生,環境衛生
fuel n. 燃料[C][U]
heating n. 加熱;暖氣 a. 加熱的;供熱的
Desperate a. 情急拼命的,鋌而走險的, 極度渴望的[F][(+for)][+to-v]
depleting vt. 用盡;使減少
luxury n. 奢侈,奢華[U]
dung n. (牛、馬等的)糞;糞肥污穢,vt. 施糞肥於
haul vt. 拖,拉,曳;拖運,搬運
tend vi. 走向;趨向[Q][(+to/towards)]
livestock n. (總稱)家畜
reverse a. 顛倒的
desperately ad. 絕望地;不顧一切地,拼命地, 極度地;猛烈地
malnutrition n. 營養失調
protein n. 蛋白質,朊[C][U]a. (含)蛋白質的[B]
diarrhoea n. 【醫】腹瀉
measles n. 【醫】麻疹;風疹[U]
adequate a. 能滿足需要(量)的,足夠的[(+for)][+to-v]
sanitation n. 公共衛生,環境衛生
decent a. 正派的;合乎禮儀的, 親切的;寬容的;樂於助人的
ditches n. 溝;壕溝 vt把(車)開入溝裡;使(火車)出軌;使(飛機)作水上迫降
feces n.排泄物
respiratory a. 呼吸的
inhaling vt. 吸入 vi. 吸入氣體(或煙,香味)
vented n. 出口;出路;漏孔
premature a. 比預期早的,過早的
Organization n. 組織,機構,團體[C], 組織工作;體制,編制[U][C]
equivalent a. 相等的,相同的[(+to)]
jet n. 噴射;噴出物[(+of)]
ongoing a. 前進的;進行的;不間斷的n. 前進
Affluence n. 豐富;富裕
consumption n. 消耗;用盡
assumption n. 假定,設想[U][C][+(that)]
tractor n.牽引機;拖拉機
trailer n. 拖車,掛車
1-6 What Are Four Scientific Principles of Sustainability?
Nature has sustained itself for billions of years by using solar energy, biodiversity,
population regulation, and nutrient cycling—lessons from nature that we can apply
to our lifestyles and economies.
Studying Nature Reveals
Four Scientific Principles
of Sustainability
How can we live more sustainably? According to environmental
scientists, we should study how life on the
earth has survived and adapted to major changes in environmental
conditions for billions of years.
1-6 什麼是四項科學原則能持續力？
自然通過使用太陽能承受了自己億萬幾年，生物多樣性，
人口章程和營養循環¡ x教訓從我們可以應用的自然
到我們的生活方式和經濟。
學習自然顯露
四項科學原則
能持續力
我們怎麼可以居住？ 根據環境科學家，我們在應該學習怎麼生活
地球生存了并且適應了在環境上的主要變化
Reveals vt. 展現,顯露出 n. 揭示,揭露;暴露;洩露[U][C]
summarized vt總結,概述,概括 vi. 作總結,作概括
Reliance n.信賴,信任;信心[U][(+on/upon/in)]
photosynthesis n. 光合作用
principles n. 原則;原理[C]
oval a. 卵形的;橢圓形的
stimulating vt.刺激;激勵;使興奮;促使[(+to/into)][O2]
vegetation n. 【植】植被
tundra n. 【地】苔原;凍土地帶,凍原
CONCEPT 1-4 Preventing pollution is more effective and less costly than cleaning up
pollution.
Copyright 2008 Thomson Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
Pollution Comesfrom a Number of Sources
Pollution is any chemical or physical change in the environment that is harmful to humans or other living organisms. Pollutants can enter the environment naturally,such as from volcanic eruptions, or through human activities, such as burning coal and gasoline.
1-4 什麼是汙染，并且我們可以做什麼對此？
概念 1-4 防止汙染比清掃有效和較不昂貴的汙染。
汙染來從一定數量的來源
汙染 是在上的所有化學製品或物理變化 對人或其他生活是有害的環境有機體。汙染物可能自然地進入環境，例如從火山爆發，或者通過人活動，例如灼燒的煤炭和汽油。
生字
volcanic a. 火山(性)的;由火山作用所引起的
eruptions n. (火山)爆發;(熔岩的)噴出
identifiable a. 可認明的;可識別的;可證明是同一的
smokestack n. (汽船、火車、工廠的)煙囪
drainpipe n. 排水管;泄水管
pipe n. 管,導管,輸送管[C]
pesticides農藥
blown (blow的過去分詞)a. 吹製的,吹成的
streams n. 小河,溪流
dispersed a. 被驅散的
disrupt vt. 使分裂,使瓦解
nuisances n. 討厭的人(或事物);麻煩事[C
unpleasant a. 使人不愉快的;不中意的;討厭的
stack n. 乾草堆,稻草堆,麥稈堆
steel n. 鋼,鋼鐵[U] 鋼鐵製品;刀,劍[U]
mill n. 磨坊;麵粉廠
input n. 投入
diluting vt. 稀釋[(+with)]
identified vt. 視...(與...)為同一事物[(+with)]
relying vi. 依靠,依賴;依仗[(+on/upon)]
temporary a. 臨時的;暫時的,一時的[Z]
bandage n. 繃帶[C] vt. 用繃帶包紮[(+up)]
corresponding a. 符合的;一致的;相同的
catalytic a. 接觸反應的;起催化作用的n. 【化】催化劑
effectiveness n. 有效;有力
toxic a. 毒(性)的,有毒的
ash n. 灰,灰燼[U][P]
dumped vt. 傾倒;拋棄
seepage n. 滲流
pipe n. 管,導管,輸送管[C]
discuss vt. 討論,商談;論述,詳述[(+with)][+wh-]
1-5 Why Do We Have Environmental Problems?
CONCEPT 1-5A Major causes of environmental problems are population growth, wasteful
and unsustainable resource use, poverty, excluding the environmental costs of resource use
from the market prices of goods and services, and trying to manage nature with insufficient
knowledge.
CONCEPT 1-5B People with different environmental worldviews often disagree about the
seriousness of environmental problems and what we should do about them.
Experts Have Identified Five Basic
Causes of Environmental Problems
As we run more and more of the earth’s natural resources
through the global economy, in many parts of
the world, forests are shrinking, deserts are expanding,
soils are eroding, and rangelands are deteriorating. In
addition, the lower atmosphere is warming, glaciers are
melting, seas are rising, and storms are becoming more
destructive. And in many areas, water tables are falling,
rivers are running dry, fisheries are collapsing, coral
reefs are disappearing, various forms of life are becoming
extinct, environmental refugees are increasing, and
outputs of some pollutants and wastes are rising.
1-5 為什麼我們有環境問題？
概念1-5A 環境問題的主要起因是人口增長，不包括資源用途的環境費用,從物品和服務和市場價處理自然以不足知識。
概念 1-5B 用不同的環境worldviews的人們經常不同意關於環境問題的重要性，我們應該關心他們。
專家辨認了五個環境問題 ,在世界許多地方，森林是收縮的，沙漠擴展，
土壤腐蝕，并且牧場惡化。 在加上，冰川熔化，海水上升，風暴變為更多破壞性。 且在許多區域，造成地下水位下降，河是跑乾燥，漁場崩潰，珊瑚礁石消失，各種各樣生物成為绝種，環境難民增加，和一些汙染物和廢物產品上升。
Poverty Has Harmful Environmentaland Health Effects
Poverty occurs when people are unable to meet their
basic needs for food, water, shelter, health, and education
(Figure 1-11,p. 16). The daily lives of half of the world’s people, who trying to live on the equivalent of many of the world’s desperately poor die prematurely
from several preventable health problems.
One such problem is malnutrition, or a lack of protein and other nutrients needed for good health
(Figure 1-12). The resulting weakened condition can increase the chances of death from normally nonfatal diarrhea and measles. A second problem is limited access
to adequate sanitation facilities and clean drinking water. More than 2.6 billion people (39% of the world’s population) have no decent bathroom facilities. They are forced to use fields, backyards, ditches, and streams. As a result, more than 1 billion people—one of every
seven—get water for drinking, washing, and cooking from sources polluted by human and animal feces. A third problem is severe respiratory disease and premaless than $2 a day, are focused on getting enough food, water, and cooking and heating fuel to survive. Desperate
for land to grow enough food, some of these people are increasingly depleting and degrading forests, soil, grasslands, fisheries, and wildlife for short-term survival.
They do not have the luxury of worrying about long-term environmental quality or sustainability. Poverty affects population growth. To many of the
poor, having more children is a matter of survival. Their children help them gather fuel (mostly wood and animal dung), haul drinking water, and tend crops and livestock. The children also help care for them in their old age (which is their 40s or 50s in the poorest countries)
because they do not have social security, health care, and retirement funds.
貧窮有有害環境並且健康是被貧窮影響的, 當人們無法發生滿足對食物、水、健康和教育的基本的需要，其中一個這樣問題是 營養不良， 或缺乏蛋白質和其他營養素為身體需要
第二個問題是有限的通入
到充分衛生設施和乾淨喝
水。 超過2.6十億個人沒有正派衛生間設施。他們
被迫使用領域、後院、壟溝和小河。
第三個問題比$2 每天，集中於得到足够的食物嚴厲呼吸道疾病和premaless，
澆灌，和烹調和採暖燃料生存。 绝望
為土地種植足够的食物，其中一些人越來越耗盡和貶低的森林，土壤，
草原、漁場和野生生物為短期生存。
他們沒有豪華憂慮
長期環境質量或能持續力。
貧窮影響人口增長。 對許多
貧寒，有更多孩子是生存事情。
他們的孩子幫助他們會集燃料(主要木頭和
動物糞)，拖拉飲用水，并且趨向莊稼和
家畜。 孩子也幫助喜歡他們在他們的老年
因為他們沒有社會保險，健康關心和退休基金。
Affluence Has Harmful and
Beneficial Environmental Effects
The harmful environmental effects of poverty are serious
but those of affluence are much worse (Figure 1-8,
top). The lifestyles of many affluent consumers in developed
countries and in rapidly developing countries
such as India and China (Case Study, p. 13) are built
upon high levels of consumption and unnecessary
waste of resources. Such affluence is based mostly on
the assumption—fueled by mass advertising—that buying
more things will bring fulfillment and happiness.
This type of affluence has an enormous harmful environmental
impact. It takes about 27 tractor-trailer
loads of resources per year to support one American, or
7.9 billion truckloads per year to support the entire
U.S. population. Stretched end-to-end, this number of
trucks would reach beyond the sun!
豐富有有害和有利環境效果
貧窮的有害的環境效果是嚴肅的
但那些豐富是更壞的。許多富有消費者生活方式在開發
國家和在迅速地發展中國家
例如印度和中國 被修造
在高水平消耗量和多餘
資源浪費。 這樣豐富根據主要 假定通過許多做廣告刺激購買
將帶來履行和幸福。
豐富的這個類型有一極大有害環境
衝擊。 它乘大約27 牽引車拖車
資源裝載每支持一個美國人的年或者
7.9每支持整個的年十億貨車
美國. 人口。
Prices Do Not Include the Value
of Natural Capital
When companies use resources to create goods and
services for consumers, they are generally not required
to pay the environmental costs of such resource use.
For example, fishing companies pay the costs of catching
fish but do not pay for the depletion of fish stocks.
Timber companies pay for clear-cutting forests but not
for the resulting environmental degradation and loss of
wildlife habitat. These companies reasonably seek to
maximize their profits, so they do not voluntarily pay
these costs or even try to assess them, unless required
to do so by government laws or regulations.
As a result, the prices of goods and services do not
include their harmful environmental costs. Thus consumers
are generally not aware of them and have no
effective way to evaluate the harmful effects of the
goods and services they buy on the earth’s life-support
systems.
Another problem is that governments give companies
tax breaks and payments called subsidies to assist
them with using resources to run their businesses. This
helps create jobs and stimulate economies, but it can
also result in degradation of natural capital, again, because
the value of the natural capital is not considered.
We explore these problems and some possible solutions
in later chapters.
價格不包括價值
自然資本
當公司使用資源創造物品和
服務為消費者，一般沒有需要他們
支付這樣資源用途的環境費用。
例如，釣魚公司支付捉住的費用
魚，但不支付漁業儲備的取盡。
木材公司支付清楚切口森林，但沒有
為發生的環境退化和損失
野生生物棲所。 合理這些公司尋求
最大化他們的贏利，因此他們不自願支付
估計他們的這些費用甚至嘗試，除非要求
由政府法律或章程如此做。
結果，物品和服務的價格不包括他們有害的環境費用。 因而消費者
一般不要知道他們并且有沒有有效方式評估惡性影響的
他們在地球上買的物品和服務生活支持系統。
另一個問題是政府給公司
減稅和付款叫 補貼 協助
他們以使用資源經營他們的業務。 這
幫助創造工作并且刺激經濟，但它能
也導致自然資本的退化，再，因為自然資本的價值沒有被考慮。
我們探索這些問題和一些可能解決方案
People Have Different Views
about Environmental Problems
and Their Solutions
Differing views about the seriousness of our environmental
problems and what we should do about them
arise mostly out of differing environmental worldviews.
Your environmental worldview is a set of assumptions
and values reflecting how you think the
world works and what you think your role in the
world should be. This involves environmental ethics,
which are our beliefs about what is right and wrong
with how we treat the environment. Here are some
important ethical questions relating to the environment:
• Why should we care about the environment?
• Are we the most important beings on the planet or
are we just one of the earth’s millions of different
forms of life?
• Do we have an obligation to see that our activities
do not cause the premature extinction of other life
forms? Should we try to protect all life forms or
only some? How do we decide which ones to
protect?
• Do we have an ethical obligation to pass on to future
generations the extraordinary natural world in
at least as good condition as we inherited?
• Should every person be entitled to equal protection
from environmental hazards regardless of race,
gender, age, national origin, income, social class, or
any other factor? This is the central ethical and political
issue for what is known as the environmental
justice movement. See the Guest Essay on this topic
by Robert D. Bullard at ThomsonNOW.
人們有不同的看法
關於環境問題
并且他們的解答
分歧見解關於重要性我們環境
問題，并且什麼我們應該做關於他們
主要從不同的環境worldviews中出現。
環境 worldview 是一套假定
并且反射怎麼的價值您認為世界工作，什麼是您存在的角色
世界應該是。 這介入環境概念，
哪些是我們的信仰關於什麼是正確和錯誤的
與怎樣我們對待環境。 這一些
重要 道德問題 關於環境：
• 為什麼我們應該對環境關心？
• 是我們最重要的生存在行星或
是我們一地球成千上萬不同
生活的形式？
• 我們有義務看我們的活動
不要導致其他生活的過早的绝種
形式？ 如果我們設法保護所有生活型或
仅一些？ 怎麼我們決定哪個保護？
• 我們有道德義務通過對未來
世代非凡自然世界
至少當優良條件，我們繼承了？
• 如果有資格每個人合計保護
從環境危害不管種族，
性別，年齡，原國籍，收入，社會階層或者
其他因素？ 這是中央道德和政治的
問題為什麼通認作為 環境
正義 運動。 看客人雜文在這個題目
由羅伯特・ D。 Bullard在 ThomsonNOW。
Individuals Matter
Chattanooga’s story shows that a key to finding solutions
to environmental problems and making a transition
to more sustainable societies is to recognize that
most social change results from individual actions and
individuals acting together to bring about change by
bottom-up grassroots action. In other words, individuals
matter—an important theme of this book. Research by
social scientists suggests that it takes only 5–10% of the
population of a community, country, or the world to
bring about major social change. Such research also
shows that significant social change can occur in a
much shorter time than most people think.
Anthropologist Margaret Mead summarized our potential
for social change: “Never doubt that a small
group of thoughtful, committed citizens can change the
world. Indeed, it is the only thing that ever has.”
個體問題
加得奴加¡¦s故事顯示那一把鑰匙對發現解答
對環境問題和做轉折
對更加能承受的社會是認可那
多數社會改變起因於各自的行動和
個體一起行動達到變動
由下往上 基層行動。
社會學家建議它
一個社區、國家或者世界的人口
達到主要社會改變。 也這樣研究
表示，重大的社會改變在a可能發生
短時間比多數人認為。
人類學家Margaret Mead 總結了我們的潛力
為社會改變： 不要懷疑小
組體貼，做的公民能改變
Identified vt. 確認;識別;鑑定,驗明[(+as)] 發現,確定
shrinking vi收縮,縮短,皺縮 vt. 使收縮,使皺縮 n. 收縮[C][U
expanding a. 擴展中的;擴大中的
eroding vt. 腐蝕;侵蝕;磨損
rangeland n.牧場
deteriorating vt. 惡化;質量(或價值)下降;退化;墮落
glaciers n. 冰河[C]
destructive a.破壞的;毀滅性的[(+of/to)]
collapsing vt倒塌崩潰,瓦解;(價格)暴跌;(計劃等)突然失敗 n. 倒塌;崩潰[U]
extinct a. (火等)熄滅了的, 絕種的,滅絕的
refugees n. 難民;流亡者[C]
outputs n. 出產;生產;使出;用出
unsustainable a. 無法支撐的;無選派,派遣法維持的
poverty n. 貧窮,貧困
detail n. 細節;詳情;瑣事;枝節vt.
shelter n. 遮蓋物;躲避處;避難所[C][(+from)]
equivalent a. 相等的,相同的[(+to)] n. 相等物;等價物[(+of/to)]
Adequate a. 能滿足需要(量)的,足夠的[(+for)][+to-v]
sanitation n. 公共衛生,環境衛生
fuel n. 燃料[C][U]
heating n. 加熱;暖氣 a. 加熱的;供熱的
Desperate a. 情急拼命的,鋌而走險的, 極度渴望的[F][(+for)][+to-v]
depleting vt. 用盡;使減少
luxury n. 奢侈,奢華[U]
dung n. (牛、馬等的)糞;糞肥污穢,vt. 施糞肥於
haul vt. 拖,拉,曳;拖運,搬運
tend vi. 走向;趨向[Q][(+to/towards)]
livestock n. (總稱)家畜
reverse a. 顛倒的
desperately ad. 絕望地;不顧一切地,拼命地, 極度地;猛烈地
malnutrition n. 營養失調
protein n. 蛋白質,朊[C][U]a. (含)蛋白質的[B]
diarrhoea n. 【醫】腹瀉
measles n. 【醫】麻疹;風疹[U]
adequate a. 能滿足需要(量)的,足夠的[(+for)][+to-v]
sanitation n. 公共衛生,環境衛生
decent a. 正派的;合乎禮儀的, 親切的;寬容的;樂於助人的
ditches n. 溝;壕溝 vt把(車)開入溝裡;使(火車)出軌;使(飛機)作水上迫降
feces n.排泄物
respiratory a. 呼吸的
inhaling vt. 吸入 vi. 吸入氣體(或煙,香味)
vented n. 出口;出路;漏孔
premature a. 比預期早的,過早的
Organization n. 組織,機構,團體[C], 組織工作;體制,編制[U][C]
equivalent a. 相等的,相同的[(+to)]
jet n. 噴射;噴出物[(+of)]
ongoing a. 前進的;進行的;不間斷的n. 前進
Affluence n. 豐富;富裕
consumption n. 消耗;用盡
assumption n. 假定,設想[U][C][+(that)]
tractor n.牽引機;拖拉機
trailer n. 拖車,掛車
1-6 What Are Four Scientific Principles of Sustainability?
Nature has sustained itself for billions of years by using solar energy, biodiversity,
population regulation, and nutrient cycling—lessons from nature that we can apply
to our lifestyles and economies.
Studying Nature Reveals
Four Scientific Principles
of Sustainability
How can we live more sustainably? According to environmental
scientists, we should study how life on the
earth has survived and adapted to major changes in environmental
conditions for billions of years.
1-6 什麼是四項科學原則能持續力？
自然通過使用太陽能承受了自己億萬幾年，生物多樣性，
人口章程和營養循環¡ x教訓從我們可以應用的自然
到我們的生活方式和經濟。
學習自然顯露
四項科學原則
能持續力
我們怎麼可以居住？ 根據環境科學家，我們在應該學習怎麼生活
地球生存了并且適應了在環境上的主要變化
Reveals vt. 展現,顯露出 n. 揭示,揭露;暴露;洩露[U][C]
summarized vt總結,概述,概括 vi. 作總結,作概括
Reliance n.信賴,信任;信心[U][(+on/upon/in)]
photosynthesis n. 光合作用
principles n. 原則;原理[C]
oval a. 卵形的;橢圓形的
stimulating vt.刺激;激勵;使興奮;促使[(+to/into)][O2]
vegetation n. 【植】植被
tundra n. 【地】苔原;凍土地帶,凍原
1-1~1-3
1-1 What Is an Environmentally Sustainable Society?
什麼是一個環境可持續的社會？
Environmental Science Is a Study of Connections in Nature
環境科學是連接的研究本質上
環境是一切在我們附近。 它包括所有生活和無生命事(空氣、水和能量)我們互動。它集成從自然科學的資訊和想法，例如生物、化學和地質; 社會科學，例如經濟、人口統計學和政治學; 並且人文學科，包括哲學和概念(圖1-2)。 環境科學的目標是學會自然怎麼運作，環境怎麼影響我們，我們怎麼影響環境和如何應付環境問題和居住更加能承受。
生態主要焦點是生態系的研究。 生態系是互相互動一套的有機體和與他們的無生命問題和能量的環境在一個被定義的區域之內的。
Sustainability Is the Central Theme of This Book
能持續力是這本書主要题材
能持續力是地球的各種各樣的自然系統的能力和人的文化系統和經濟生存和適應不確定改變環境狀況。
讓我們嚴密地注視著能持續力。 一個重要組分是天然的資本這自然資源， 自然資源是對人是根本或有用的材料和能量本質上。這些資源經常分類為可更新(例如空氣、水、土壤、植物和風)或不可更新(例如銅、石油和煤炭)。
一項重要自然服務是營養循環，化學製品的循環必要在通過環境中的土壤和水並回到環境。 沒有這項服務，生活，因為我們知道它不可能存在。
這帶領我們能持續力第三個組分：科學查尋對這些和其他環境問題的解答。
因此，轉移的另一個組分往能持續力的介入設法通過做解決這些衝突交易或者妥協。例如，要提供木頭和紙紙行能種植林場，以交換保存成熟森林。
往環境能持續力的所有轉移應該根據科學概念和結果那由在一個特殊領域的專家廣泛接受。
Environmentally Sustainable Societies Protect Natural Capital and Live Off Its Income
環境可持續的社會保護自然資本和活它的收入
適應它的人民的現在和未來基本的資源需要以正義和公平的方式，無需減弱未來的能力的一個環境能承受的社會一適應他們的基本需要的世代。
同一個教訓適用於對地球的我們的用途的自然為我們提供的自然資本這全球性信託基金。 居住能承受意味生活自然收入、更新資源例如植物，動物和土壤由自然資本提供了。
生字
Environmentally 環境的;有關環境(保護)的
Sustainable 能保持的;能維持的
Solar 太陽的;日光的;源自太陽
capital 資本;本錢[U]
income n. 收入;收益;所得[C][U]
depleting 用盡;使減少
degrading a.降低品格的;丟臉的;卑鄙
interact vi.互相作用;互相影響
advances vi.前進;向前移動[(+on/upon/against)
vt.使向前移動;推進,促
utterly ad.完全地;徹底地;十足
shelter n.遮蓋物;躲避處;避難所
interdisciplinary a.各學科間的
integrate vt.使完整,使完善
geology n.[U]地質學
demography n.人口統計學
population n.人口[U][C
political a.政治的;政治上的
humanities n.人文學科
ethics n.倫理標準
Ecology n.[U]社會生態學,人文生態
Organism n.[C]生物,有機體
ecosystem n.生態系統
interacting vi.互相作用;互相影響
environmentalism n.環境保護論;環境論
dedicated vt.獻(身);把(時間,精力等)用於
components n.(機器、設備等的)構成要素;零件;成分[C
life-support a.維持生命的,保障生命的
realm n.[C]界,領域;範圍[P1][(+of)
Central a.主要的,核心的;重要
Sustainability n.持續性;能維持性;永續性
adapt vt.使適應,使適
conditions n.情況;(健康等)狀態[C][U
indefinitely ad.不明確地,模糊地
critical a.緊要的,關鍵性的,危急
species n.種
alive a.活著的;現存
essential a.必要的,不可缺的[(+to/for)
classified a.分類的,類別的
renewable a.可更新的;可恢復的;可繼續的
nonrenewable a.(美術)抽象的
copper n.銅[U]
coal n.煤[U]
purification n.[U]洗淨,淨化
nutrient a.營養的,滋養的
cycling n.騎腳踏車兜風
circulation n.循環,環流;運行[U]
necessary a.必要的,必需的[(+for/to)]
organisms n.[C]生物,有機體
exist vi.存在[W]
photosynthesis n.光合作用
direct ad.筆直地;直接地;直達地
input vt.將(資料等)輸入電腦
indirect a.迂迴的,曲折的
圖上名詞英譯
Philosophy n.哲學[U]
religion n.教派;宗教團體[C]
Ethics a.倫理(學)的;道德的
Ecology n.[U]生態學
geology n.[U]地質學
Anthropology n.人類學
Demography n.人口統計學
Political a.政治的;政治上的
interdisciplinary a.各學科間的
renew vi.更新;恢復原狀
mature vt.使成熟;使長成
forests n.森林[C][U]
replenish vt.把...裝滿;把...再備足,補充[(+with)]
sustainability n.持續性;能維持性;永續性
Implementing n.[C]工具;器具;用具
biologically ad.生物學地
diverse a.多種多樣的;多變化的
replenish vt.把...裝滿;把...再備足,補充[(+with)]
require vt.需要[+v-ing][+that]
conflicts n.[C][U]衝突,抵觸,不一致,分歧[(+between)]
trade-offs n.交換,交易
toward prep.向,朝
compromises n.妥協,和解[C][U][(+between)]
exchange vt.交換;調換;兌換[(+for/with)]
widely ad.範圍廣地;廣泛地
accepted vt.接受,領受;答應,同意
1-2 How Can Environmentally Sustainable Societies
Grow Economically?
CONCEPT 1-2 Societies can become more environmentally sustainable through economic
development dedicated to improving the quality of life for everyone without degrading the
earth’s life-support systems.
There Is a Wide Economic Gap
between Rich and Poor Countries
Economic growth is an increase in a nation’s output of goods and services. It is usually measured by the percentage of change in a country’s gross domestic product (GDP): the annual market value of all goods and services produced by all firms and organizations,foreign and domestic, operating within a country.Changes in a country’s economic growth per person
are measured by per capita GDP: the GDP divided by the total population at midyear.The value of any country’s currency changes when it is used in other countries. Because of such differences,a basic unit of currency in one country can buy more of a particular thing than the basic unit of currency of another country can buy. Consumers in the first country are said to have more purchasing power than consumers in the second country have. To help with comparing countries, economists use a tool called purchasing power parity (PPP). By combining per capita
GDP and PPP, for any given country, they arrive at a per capita GDP-PPP—a measure of the amount of goods and services that a country’s average citizen could buy in the United States.
1-2 怎麼能環境能承受的社會經濟上增長？
概念 1-2 社會能成為更加環境能承受通過經濟發展致力了改進生活水平為大家，无需貶低地球¡¦s生活支持系統。
有一個寬經濟空白在富有和窮國之間經濟增長 是在國家的增量¡¦s產品物品和服務。 它由通常測量
變化的百分比在國家上的¡¦s 總國內產品(國民生產總值) ： 所有物品的每年市場價值并且服務由所有企業和組織生產了，外國和國內，操作在國家之內。在國家上的變化¡¦每人s 經濟增長被測量 人均國民生產總值： 國民生產總值劃分了總人口在仲年。任何國家的價值¡¦s貨幣變動，當用於其他國家。 由於這樣區別，貨幣一個基本的單位在一個國家可能買更多一件特殊事比貨幣基本的單位 另一個國家能買。消費者在第一個國家說有更多 購買力比消費者在第二個國家有。 幫助以比較國家，經濟學家使用叫的一個工具購買力相同 (PPP)。 通過結合人均國民生產總值和PPP，為所有特定國家，他們到達在a 每
capita GDP-PPP¡ x相當數量的措施物品并且服務國家¡¦s一般的公民可能買在美國。
生字
output n.出產;生產;使出;用出
measured a.量過的
percentage n. 好處,利益[U]
gross a. 總的;毛的
domestic a. 國家的;國內的
market n. 市場;股票市場;市集[C]
value n. 價值;價格[C][U]
services n. 服務;效勞;幫助[U]
firm n. 商號,商行,公司
organizations n. 組織,機構,團體[C]
operating a. 操作的;營運的
capita (caput的複數) n.頭
per prep. 經,由,靠
population n. 人口[U][C]
midyear n.年中 a. 學年中期的
currency n. 通貨,貨幣[C][U]
purchasing n. 購買
purchasing power ph.購買力
parity n. 同等;類似;相同
citizen n. 公民
combining vt. 使結合;使聯合[(+with)] 兼有,兼備
standards n. 標準,水準;規格;規範[C][U]
classify vt. 將...分類;將...分等級
primarily ad. 首先;起初,原來
industrialization n. 工業化
Supplement n. 增補,補充;
moderately ad. 適度地,有節制地
destitute a. 缺乏的,沒有的[F][(+of)]
desperate a. 情急拼命的,鋌而走險的
extreme a. 末端的,盡頭的[Z][B]
poverty n. 貧窮,貧困
scarcities n. 缺乏,不足;匱乏;蕭條(時期);荒(年)[C][U][(+of)]
cropland n. 農田
firewood n. 木柴;柴火[U]
dysfunctional a. 不正常的
chaos n. 混亂;雜亂的一團(或一堆等)
depleting vt. 用盡;使減少
competition n. 競爭,角逐[U][(+with/between/for)]
scarce a. 缺乏的;不足的[F]
further a. 另外的;進一步的;深一層的 更遠的;較遠的
impoverish vt使貧窮;使赤貧 耗盡(精力等);使貧瘠
Supplement n. 增補,補充[(+to)] 補給品
equipped vt. 裝備,配備[(+for/with)]
expectancy n. 期望之事物
Wealth n. 財富;財產;資源;富有[U]
1-3 How Are Our Ecological Footprints Affecting the Earth?
CONCEPT 1-3 As our ecological footprints grow, we are depleting and degrading more of
the earth’s natural capital.
Some Resources Are Renewableand Others Are Not
From a human standpoint, a resource is anything obtained from the environment to meet our needs and wants. Conservation is the management of natural resources with the goal of minimizing resource waste and sustaining supplies for current and future generations. Some resources, such as solar energy, fresh air, wind, fresh surface water, fertile soil, and wild edible plants, are directly available for use. Other resources such as petroleum, iron, groundwater (water found underground), and cultivated crops, are not directly available. They become useful to us only with some effort and technological ingenuity. For example, petroleum was a mysterious fluid until we learned how to find, extract, and convert (refine) it into gasoline, heating
oil, and other products that could be sold.
1-3 怎麼是我們生態學腳印影響地球？
概念 1-3 因為我們的生態學腳印增長，我們是耗盡和貶低更多地球¡¦s自然資本。
有些資源是可更新的并且其他不是從一個人的立場， a 資源 是任何從環境獲得適應我們的需要和
要。 保護 是自然資源的管理打算使減到最小的資源廢物和承受的供應為現在和未來世代。有些資源，例如太陽能，新鮮空氣，風、新鮮的水面，沃土和狂放可食植物，直接地是可利用的為使用。其他資源
例如石油，鐵，地水(水發現了地下)和耕種的莊稼，不直接地可利用。 他們變得有用對仅我們以一些努力并且技術機巧。例如，石油怎麼是神奇流體直到我們學會了發現，提取，并且轉換 (提煉)它成汽油，加熱上油和可能被賣的其他產品。
生字
Ecological a. 生態(學)的
standpoint n. 立場,觀點,看法[C]
Footprints n. 腳印,足跡[C]
obtained vt. 得到,獲得
minimizing vt. 使減到最少,使縮到最小
sustaining a. 支撐的, 持久性的, 有幫助的
current a. 現時的,當前的;現行的, 通用的,流行的 n. 流動,水流,氣流[C], 電流[C][U], 趨勢,傾向
surface n. 面,表面[C] a. 表面的,外觀的
fertile a. (動植物)多產的,繁殖力強的, (創造力或想像力)豐富的
edible a. 可食的,食用的 n. 食品;適合吃的東西
petroleum n. 石油[U]
cultivated a. 耕種的, 栽培的,非野生的
ingenuity n. 心靈手巧;獨創性;足智多謀[U], 巧妙;精巧[U]
mysterious a. 神祕的;不可思議的
fluid a. 流動的;流體的;液體的
extract vt用力取出;使勁拔出,抽出, 採掘;提取,提煉n. 提取物;精,汁[C][U][(+of)]
refine vt提煉,精鍊;精製
gasoline n. 汽油[U]
perpetual a. 永久的;長期的, 無限期的;終身的n. 【植】四季開花的薔薇;多年生植物
replenished vt. 把...裝滿;把...再備足,補充[(+with)], 給...添加燃料
fertile a. (動植物)多產的,繁殖力強的, (土地)肥沃的,富饒的,豐產的
indefinitely ad. 不定地;無定限地;無限期地, 不明確地,模糊地
sustainable a. 支撐得住的;能承受的, 能保持的;能維持的
yield vt出產;結出(果實);產生(效果,收益等)
replacement n. 代替,取代;更換;接替[U]
degradation n. 下降,降低;降級惡化
exist vt. 存在[W]
quantity n. 量[U]
stock n. 貯存;(知識等的)蓄積[C][U] 進貨,庫存品,存貨vt. 給(商店)辦貨,進貨
geological
depleted vt. 用盡;使減少
exhaustible a. 可被用盡的
metallic a. 金屬的;含(或產)金屬的
mineral n. 礦物, 【化】無機物a. 礦物的,礦質的
aluminum n. 【美】鋁[U]
nonmetallic a. 【化】非金屬的
ingenuity n. 心靈手巧;獨創性;足智多謀[U]
interior a. 內的,內部的,內側的, 國內的,內政的n. 內部,內側
fossil n. 化石a. 化石的,成化石的, 守舊的,陳腐的
fuels n. 燃料[C][U], 刺激因素[U][(+for/of)] vt對...供給燃料;給...加油
composite a. 合成的,復合的,混成的 n. 合成物;復合材料
affordable a. 負擔得起的
extend vt. 延長,延伸, 致;給予,提供[(+to)] 使竭盡全力[H]
discarded vt. 拋棄,摒棄,丟棄vi【牌】去牌;墊牌
crushed vt. 壓碎,壓壞;碾碎;榨vi被壓碎,被壓壞;被碾碎n. 壓碎,毀壞;壓皺;壓榨;鎮壓[U][C
metallic a. 金屬的;含(或產)金屬的
erosion n. 侵蝕;腐蝕[U]
Aquifer n. 含水土層,地下蓄水層
depletion n. 消耗;用盡
Declining vi下降,下跌;減少;衰退,衰落
exploiting vt. 剝削, 利用;利用...而自肥
virgin n. 處女,未婚女子a. 未開發的;未經利用的
replenish vt. 把...裝滿;把...再備足,補充[(+with)]
deficit n. 不足額;赤字[C]
Wildlife n. 野生生物
capacity n. 容量,容積[U][S] 能力,才能,接受能力,理解力[C][U][(+for)]
exponential a. 【數】指數的
debtors n. 借方;債務人[C]
creditors債務管理
individual a. 個人的,個體的 n. 個人;個體
concept n. 概念,觀念,思想[C]
consumption n. 消耗;用盡
unsustainable a. 無法支撐的;無法維持的
depleting vt. 用盡;使減少
degrading a. 降低品格的;丟臉的;卑鄙的
Affluent a. 富裕的
developed a. (國家、地區)發達的;先進的
immense a. 巨大的;廣大的;無邊無際的;無限的
pressure n. 壓力;壓迫;緊迫;催促[U][C]
wheat n. 小麥[U]
fertilizers底肥
cement n. 水泥
exponentially ad. 以指數方式
rapid a. 快的,迅速的;動作快的
automobile n. 【美】汽車[C]
Evidence n. 證據;證詞;證人;物證[U][(+of/for)][+that][+to-v] 跡象[U][C][(+of)][+(that)]
organisms n. 生物,有機體
ancient a. 古代的,自古以來的
agricultural a. 農業的;務農的;農用的
revolution n. 革命,革命運動[C][U
alter vt. 改變
expansion n. 擴展;擴張;膨脹[U
spans n. 礅距;跨度,一段時間
什麼是一個環境可持續的社會？
Environmental Science Is a Study of Connections in Nature
環境科學是連接的研究本質上
環境是一切在我們附近。 它包括所有生活和無生命事(空氣、水和能量)我們互動。它集成從自然科學的資訊和想法，例如生物、化學和地質; 社會科學，例如經濟、人口統計學和政治學; 並且人文學科，包括哲學和概念(圖1-2)。 環境科學的目標是學會自然怎麼運作，環境怎麼影響我們，我們怎麼影響環境和如何應付環境問題和居住更加能承受。
生態主要焦點是生態系的研究。 生態系是互相互動一套的有機體和與他們的無生命問題和能量的環境在一個被定義的區域之內的。
Sustainability Is the Central Theme of This Book
能持續力是這本書主要题材
能持續力是地球的各種各樣的自然系統的能力和人的文化系統和經濟生存和適應不確定改變環境狀況。
讓我們嚴密地注視著能持續力。 一個重要組分是天然的資本這自然資源， 自然資源是對人是根本或有用的材料和能量本質上。這些資源經常分類為可更新(例如空氣、水、土壤、植物和風)或不可更新(例如銅、石油和煤炭)。
一項重要自然服務是營養循環，化學製品的循環必要在通過環境中的土壤和水並回到環境。 沒有這項服務，生活，因為我們知道它不可能存在。
這帶領我們能持續力第三個組分：科學查尋對這些和其他環境問題的解答。
因此，轉移的另一個組分往能持續力的介入設法通過做解決這些衝突交易或者妥協。例如，要提供木頭和紙紙行能種植林場，以交換保存成熟森林。
往環境能持續力的所有轉移應該根據科學概念和結果那由在一個特殊領域的專家廣泛接受。
Environmentally Sustainable Societies Protect Natural Capital and Live Off Its Income
環境可持續的社會保護自然資本和活它的收入
適應它的人民的現在和未來基本的資源需要以正義和公平的方式，無需減弱未來的能力的一個環境能承受的社會一適應他們的基本需要的世代。
同一個教訓適用於對地球的我們的用途的自然為我們提供的自然資本這全球性信託基金。 居住能承受意味生活自然收入、更新資源例如植物，動物和土壤由自然資本提供了。
生字
Environmentally 環境的;有關環境(保護)的
Sustainable 能保持的;能維持的
Solar 太陽的;日光的;源自太陽
capital 資本;本錢[U]
income n. 收入;收益;所得[C][U]
depleting 用盡;使減少
degrading a.降低品格的;丟臉的;卑鄙
interact vi.互相作用;互相影響
advances vi.前進;向前移動[(+on/upon/against)
vt.使向前移動;推進,促
utterly ad.完全地;徹底地;十足
shelter n.遮蓋物;躲避處;避難所
interdisciplinary a.各學科間的
integrate vt.使完整,使完善
geology n.[U]地質學
demography n.人口統計學
population n.人口[U][C
political a.政治的;政治上的
humanities n.人文學科
ethics n.倫理標準
Ecology n.[U]社會生態學,人文生態
Organism n.[C]生物,有機體
ecosystem n.生態系統
interacting vi.互相作用;互相影響
environmentalism n.環境保護論;環境論
dedicated vt.獻(身);把(時間,精力等)用於
components n.(機器、設備等的)構成要素;零件;成分[C
life-support a.維持生命的,保障生命的
realm n.[C]界,領域;範圍[P1][(+of)
Central a.主要的,核心的;重要
Sustainability n.持續性;能維持性;永續性
adapt vt.使適應,使適
conditions n.情況;(健康等)狀態[C][U
indefinitely ad.不明確地,模糊地
critical a.緊要的,關鍵性的,危急
species n.種
alive a.活著的;現存
essential a.必要的,不可缺的[(+to/for)
classified a.分類的,類別的
renewable a.可更新的;可恢復的;可繼續的
nonrenewable a.(美術)抽象的
copper n.銅[U]
coal n.煤[U]
purification n.[U]洗淨,淨化
nutrient a.營養的,滋養的
cycling n.騎腳踏車兜風
circulation n.循環,環流;運行[U]
necessary a.必要的,必需的[(+for/to)]
organisms n.[C]生物,有機體
exist vi.存在[W]
photosynthesis n.光合作用
direct ad.筆直地;直接地;直達地
input vt.將(資料等)輸入電腦
indirect a.迂迴的,曲折的
圖上名詞英譯
Philosophy n.哲學[U]
religion n.教派;宗教團體[C]
Ethics a.倫理(學)的;道德的
Ecology n.[U]生態學
geology n.[U]地質學
Anthropology n.人類學
Demography n.人口統計學
Political a.政治的;政治上的
interdisciplinary a.各學科間的
renew vi.更新;恢復原狀
mature vt.使成熟;使長成
forests n.森林[C][U]
replenish vt.把...裝滿;把...再備足,補充[(+with)]
sustainability n.持續性;能維持性;永續性
Implementing n.[C]工具;器具;用具
biologically ad.生物學地
diverse a.多種多樣的;多變化的
replenish vt.把...裝滿;把...再備足,補充[(+with)]
require vt.需要[+v-ing][+that]
conflicts n.[C][U]衝突,抵觸,不一致,分歧[(+between)]
trade-offs n.交換,交易
toward prep.向,朝
compromises n.妥協,和解[C][U][(+between)]
exchange vt.交換;調換;兌換[(+for/with)]
widely ad.範圍廣地;廣泛地
accepted vt.接受,領受;答應,同意
1-2 How Can Environmentally Sustainable Societies
Grow Economically?
CONCEPT 1-2 Societies can become more environmentally sustainable through economic
development dedicated to improving the quality of life for everyone without degrading the
earth’s life-support systems.
There Is a Wide Economic Gap
between Rich and Poor Countries
Economic growth is an increase in a nation’s output of goods and services. It is usually measured by the percentage of change in a country’s gross domestic product (GDP): the annual market value of all goods and services produced by all firms and organizations,foreign and domestic, operating within a country.Changes in a country’s economic growth per person
are measured by per capita GDP: the GDP divided by the total population at midyear.The value of any country’s currency changes when it is used in other countries. Because of such differences,a basic unit of currency in one country can buy more of a particular thing than the basic unit of currency of another country can buy. Consumers in the first country are said to have more purchasing power than consumers in the second country have. To help with comparing countries, economists use a tool called purchasing power parity (PPP). By combining per capita
GDP and PPP, for any given country, they arrive at a per capita GDP-PPP—a measure of the amount of goods and services that a country’s average citizen could buy in the United States.
1-2 怎麼能環境能承受的社會經濟上增長？
概念 1-2 社會能成為更加環境能承受通過經濟發展致力了改進生活水平為大家，无需貶低地球¡¦s生活支持系統。
有一個寬經濟空白在富有和窮國之間經濟增長 是在國家的增量¡¦s產品物品和服務。 它由通常測量
變化的百分比在國家上的¡¦s 總國內產品(國民生產總值) ： 所有物品的每年市場價值并且服務由所有企業和組織生產了，外國和國內，操作在國家之內。在國家上的變化¡¦每人s 經濟增長被測量 人均國民生產總值： 國民生產總值劃分了總人口在仲年。任何國家的價值¡¦s貨幣變動，當用於其他國家。 由於這樣區別，貨幣一個基本的單位在一個國家可能買更多一件特殊事比貨幣基本的單位 另一個國家能買。消費者在第一個國家說有更多 購買力比消費者在第二個國家有。 幫助以比較國家，經濟學家使用叫的一個工具購買力相同 (PPP)。 通過結合人均國民生產總值和PPP，為所有特定國家，他們到達在a 每
capita GDP-PPP¡ x相當數量的措施物品并且服務國家¡¦s一般的公民可能買在美國。
生字
output n.出產;生產;使出;用出
measured a.量過的
percentage n. 好處,利益[U]
gross a. 總的;毛的
domestic a. 國家的;國內的
market n. 市場;股票市場;市集[C]
value n. 價值;價格[C][U]
services n. 服務;效勞;幫助[U]
firm n. 商號,商行,公司
organizations n. 組織,機構,團體[C]
operating a. 操作的;營運的
capita (caput的複數) n.頭
per prep. 經,由,靠
population n. 人口[U][C]
midyear n.年中 a. 學年中期的
currency n. 通貨,貨幣[C][U]
purchasing n. 購買
purchasing power ph.購買力
parity n. 同等;類似;相同
citizen n. 公民
combining vt. 使結合;使聯合[(+with)] 兼有,兼備
standards n. 標準,水準;規格;規範[C][U]
classify vt. 將...分類;將...分等級
primarily ad. 首先;起初,原來
industrialization n. 工業化
Supplement n. 增補,補充;
moderately ad. 適度地,有節制地
destitute a. 缺乏的,沒有的[F][(+of)]
desperate a. 情急拼命的,鋌而走險的
extreme a. 末端的,盡頭的[Z][B]
poverty n. 貧窮,貧困
scarcities n. 缺乏,不足;匱乏;蕭條(時期);荒(年)[C][U][(+of)]
cropland n. 農田
firewood n. 木柴;柴火[U]
dysfunctional a. 不正常的
chaos n. 混亂;雜亂的一團(或一堆等)
depleting vt. 用盡;使減少
competition n. 競爭,角逐[U][(+with/between/for)]
scarce a. 缺乏的;不足的[F]
further a. 另外的;進一步的;深一層的 更遠的;較遠的
impoverish vt使貧窮;使赤貧 耗盡(精力等);使貧瘠
Supplement n. 增補,補充[(+to)] 補給品
equipped vt. 裝備,配備[(+for/with)]
expectancy n. 期望之事物
Wealth n. 財富;財產;資源;富有[U]
1-3 How Are Our Ecological Footprints Affecting the Earth?
CONCEPT 1-3 As our ecological footprints grow, we are depleting and degrading more of
the earth’s natural capital.
Some Resources Are Renewableand Others Are Not
From a human standpoint, a resource is anything obtained from the environment to meet our needs and wants. Conservation is the management of natural resources with the goal of minimizing resource waste and sustaining supplies for current and future generations. Some resources, such as solar energy, fresh air, wind, fresh surface water, fertile soil, and wild edible plants, are directly available for use. Other resources such as petroleum, iron, groundwater (water found underground), and cultivated crops, are not directly available. They become useful to us only with some effort and technological ingenuity. For example, petroleum was a mysterious fluid until we learned how to find, extract, and convert (refine) it into gasoline, heating
oil, and other products that could be sold.
1-3 怎麼是我們生態學腳印影響地球？
概念 1-3 因為我們的生態學腳印增長，我們是耗盡和貶低更多地球¡¦s自然資本。
有些資源是可更新的并且其他不是從一個人的立場， a 資源 是任何從環境獲得適應我們的需要和
要。 保護 是自然資源的管理打算使減到最小的資源廢物和承受的供應為現在和未來世代。有些資源，例如太陽能，新鮮空氣，風、新鮮的水面，沃土和狂放可食植物，直接地是可利用的為使用。其他資源
例如石油，鐵，地水(水發現了地下)和耕種的莊稼，不直接地可利用。 他們變得有用對仅我們以一些努力并且技術機巧。例如，石油怎麼是神奇流體直到我們學會了發現，提取，并且轉換 (提煉)它成汽油，加熱上油和可能被賣的其他產品。
生字
Ecological a. 生態(學)的
standpoint n. 立場,觀點,看法[C]
Footprints n. 腳印,足跡[C]
obtained vt. 得到,獲得
minimizing vt. 使減到最少,使縮到最小
sustaining a. 支撐的, 持久性的, 有幫助的
current a. 現時的,當前的;現行的, 通用的,流行的 n. 流動,水流,氣流[C], 電流[C][U], 趨勢,傾向
surface n. 面,表面[C] a. 表面的,外觀的
fertile a. (動植物)多產的,繁殖力強的, (創造力或想像力)豐富的
edible a. 可食的,食用的 n. 食品;適合吃的東西
petroleum n. 石油[U]
cultivated a. 耕種的, 栽培的,非野生的
ingenuity n. 心靈手巧;獨創性;足智多謀[U], 巧妙;精巧[U]
mysterious a. 神祕的;不可思議的
fluid a. 流動的;流體的;液體的
extract vt用力取出;使勁拔出,抽出, 採掘;提取,提煉n. 提取物;精,汁[C][U][(+of)]
refine vt提煉,精鍊;精製
gasoline n. 汽油[U]
perpetual a. 永久的;長期的, 無限期的;終身的n. 【植】四季開花的薔薇;多年生植物
replenished vt. 把...裝滿;把...再備足,補充[(+with)], 給...添加燃料
fertile a. (動植物)多產的,繁殖力強的, (土地)肥沃的,富饒的,豐產的
indefinitely ad. 不定地;無定限地;無限期地, 不明確地,模糊地
sustainable a. 支撐得住的;能承受的, 能保持的;能維持的
yield vt出產;結出(果實);產生(效果,收益等)
replacement n. 代替,取代;更換;接替[U]
degradation n. 下降,降低;降級惡化
exist vt. 存在[W]
quantity n. 量[U]
stock n. 貯存;(知識等的)蓄積[C][U] 進貨,庫存品,存貨vt. 給(商店)辦貨,進貨
geological
depleted vt. 用盡;使減少
exhaustible a. 可被用盡的
metallic a. 金屬的;含(或產)金屬的
mineral n. 礦物, 【化】無機物a. 礦物的,礦質的
aluminum n. 【美】鋁[U]
nonmetallic a. 【化】非金屬的
ingenuity n. 心靈手巧;獨創性;足智多謀[U]
interior a. 內的,內部的,內側的, 國內的,內政的n. 內部,內側
fossil n. 化石a. 化石的,成化石的, 守舊的,陳腐的
fuels n. 燃料[C][U], 刺激因素[U][(+for/of)] vt對...供給燃料;給...加油
composite a. 合成的,復合的,混成的 n. 合成物;復合材料
affordable a. 負擔得起的
extend vt. 延長,延伸, 致;給予,提供[(+to)] 使竭盡全力[H]
discarded vt. 拋棄,摒棄,丟棄vi【牌】去牌;墊牌
crushed vt. 壓碎,壓壞;碾碎;榨vi被壓碎,被壓壞;被碾碎n. 壓碎,毀壞;壓皺;壓榨;鎮壓[U][C
metallic a. 金屬的;含(或產)金屬的
erosion n. 侵蝕;腐蝕[U]
Aquifer n. 含水土層,地下蓄水層
depletion n. 消耗;用盡
Declining vi下降,下跌;減少;衰退,衰落
exploiting vt. 剝削, 利用;利用...而自肥
virgin n. 處女,未婚女子a. 未開發的;未經利用的
replenish vt. 把...裝滿;把...再備足,補充[(+with)]
deficit n. 不足額;赤字[C]
Wildlife n. 野生生物
capacity n. 容量,容積[U][S] 能力,才能,接受能力,理解力[C][U][(+for)]
exponential a. 【數】指數的
debtors n. 借方;債務人[C]
creditors債務管理
individual a. 個人的,個體的 n. 個人;個體
concept n. 概念,觀念,思想[C]
consumption n. 消耗;用盡
unsustainable a. 無法支撐的;無法維持的
depleting vt. 用盡;使減少
degrading a. 降低品格的;丟臉的;卑鄙的
Affluent a. 富裕的
developed a. (國家、地區)發達的;先進的
immense a. 巨大的;廣大的;無邊無際的;無限的
pressure n. 壓力;壓迫;緊迫;催促[U][C]
wheat n. 小麥[U]
fertilizers底肥
cement n. 水泥
exponentially ad. 以指數方式
rapid a. 快的,迅速的;動作快的
automobile n. 【美】汽車[C]
Evidence n. 證據;證詞;證人;物證[U][(+of/for)][+that][+to-v] 跡象[U][C][(+of)][+(that)]
organisms n. 生物,有機體
ancient a. 古代的,自古以來的
agricultural a. 農業的;務農的;農用的
revolution n. 革命,革命運動[C][U
alter vt. 改變
expansion n. 擴展;擴張;膨脹[U
spans n. 礅距;跨度,一段時間
訂閱：
文章 (Atom)