1-4~1-6

1-4 What Is Pollution and What Can We Do about It?
CONCEPT 1-4 Preventing pollution is more effective and less costly than cleaning up
pollution.
Copyright 2008 Thomson Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
Pollution Comesfrom a Number of Sources
Pollution is any chemical or physical change in the environment that is harmful to humans or other living organisms. Pollutants can enter the environment naturally,such as from volcanic eruptions, or through human activities, such as burning coal and gasoline.
1-4 什麼是汙染，并且我們可以做什麼對此？
概念 1-4 防止汙染比清掃有效和較不昂貴的汙染。
汙染來從一定數量的來源
汙染 是在上的所有化學製品或物理變化 對人或其他生活是有害的環境有機體。汙染物可能自然地進入環境，例如從火山爆發，或者通過人活動，例如灼燒的煤炭和汽油。

生字
volcanic a. 火山(性)的;由火山作用所引起的
eruptions n. (火山)爆發;(熔岩的)噴出
identifiable a. 可認明的;可識別的;可證明是同一的
smokestack n. (汽船、火車、工廠的)煙囪
drainpipe n. 排水管;泄水管
pipe n. 管,導管,輸送管[C]
pesticides農藥
blown (blow的過去分詞)a. 吹製的,吹成的
streams n. 小河,溪流
dispersed a. 被驅散的
disrupt vt. 使分裂,使瓦解
nuisances n. 討厭的人(或事物);麻煩事[C
unpleasant a. 使人不愉快的;不中意的;討厭的
stack n. 乾草堆,稻草堆,麥稈堆
steel n. 鋼,鋼鐵[U] 鋼鐵製品;刀,劍[U]
mill n. 磨坊;麵粉廠
input n. 投入
diluting vt. 稀釋[(+with)]
identified vt. 視...(與...)為同一事物[(+with)]
relying vi. 依靠,依賴;依仗[(+on/upon)]
temporary a. 臨時的;暫時的,一時的[Z]
bandage n. 繃帶[C] vt. 用繃帶包紮[(+up)]
corresponding a. 符合的;一致的;相同的
catalytic a. 接觸反應的;起催化作用的n. 【化】催化劑
effectiveness n. 有效;有力
toxic a. 毒(性)的,有毒的
ash n. 灰,灰燼[U][P]
dumped vt. 傾倒;拋棄
seepage n. 滲流
pipe n. 管,導管,輸送管[C]
discuss vt. 討論,商談;論述,詳述[(+with)][+wh-]

1-5 Why Do We Have Environmental Problems?
CONCEPT 1-5A Major causes of environmental problems are population growth, wasteful
and unsustainable resource use, poverty, excluding the environmental costs of resource use
from the market prices of goods and services, and trying to manage nature with insufficient
knowledge.
CONCEPT 1-5B People with different environmental worldviews often disagree about the
seriousness of environmental problems and what we should do about them.
Experts Have Identified Five Basic
Causes of Environmental Problems
As we run more and more of the earth’s natural resources
through the global economy, in many parts of
the world, forests are shrinking, deserts are expanding,
soils are eroding, and rangelands are deteriorating. In
addition, the lower atmosphere is warming, glaciers are
melting, seas are rising, and storms are becoming more
destructive. And in many areas, water tables are falling,
rivers are running dry, fisheries are collapsing, coral
reefs are disappearing, various forms of life are becoming
extinct, environmental refugees are increasing, and
outputs of some pollutants and wastes are rising.

1-5 為什麼我們有環境問題？
概念1-5A 環境問題的主要起因是人口增長，不包括資源用途的環境費用,從物品和服務和市場價處理自然以不足知識。
概念 1-5B 用不同的環境worldviews的人們經常不同意關於環境問題的重要性，我們應該關心他們。
專家辨認了五個環境問題 ,在世界許多地方，森林是收縮的，沙漠擴展，
土壤腐蝕，并且牧場惡化。 在加上，冰川熔化，海水上升，風暴變為更多破壞性。 且在許多區域，造成地下水位下降，河是跑乾燥，漁場崩潰，珊瑚礁石消失，各種各樣生物成為绝種，環境難民增加，和一些汙染物和廢物產品上升。

Poverty Has Harmful Environmentaland Health Effects
Poverty occurs when people are unable to meet their
basic needs for food, water, shelter, health, and education
(Figure 1-11,p. 16). The daily lives of half of the world’s people, who trying to live on the equivalent of many of the world’s desperately poor die prematurely
from several preventable health problems.
One such problem is malnutrition, or a lack of protein and other nutrients needed for good health
(Figure 1-12). The resulting weakened condition can increase the chances of death from normally nonfatal diarrhea and measles. A second problem is limited access
to adequate sanitation facilities and clean drinking water. More than 2.6 billion people (39% of the world’s population) have no decent bathroom facilities. They are forced to use fields, backyards, ditches, and streams. As a result, more than 1 billion people—one of every
seven—get water for drinking, washing, and cooking from sources polluted by human and animal feces. A third problem is severe respiratory disease and premaless than $2 a day, are focused on getting enough food, water, and cooking and heating fuel to survive. Desperate
for land to grow enough food, some of these people are increasingly depleting and degrading forests, soil, grasslands, fisheries, and wildlife for short-term survival.
They do not have the luxury of worrying about long-term environmental quality or sustainability. Poverty affects population growth. To many of the
poor, having more children is a matter of survival. Their children help them gather fuel (mostly wood and animal dung), haul drinking water, and tend crops and livestock. The children also help care for them in their old age (which is their 40s or 50s in the poorest countries)
because they do not have social security, health care, and retirement funds.
貧窮有有害環境並且健康是被貧窮影響的, 當人們無法發生滿足對食物、水、健康和教育的基本的需要，其中一個這樣問題是 營養不良， 或缺乏蛋白質和其他營養素為身體需要

第二個問題是有限的通入
到充分衛生設施和乾淨喝
水。 超過2.6十億個人沒有正派衛生間設施。他們
被迫使用領域、後院、壟溝和小河。

第三個問題比$2 每天，集中於得到足够的食物嚴厲呼吸道疾病和premaless，
澆灌，和烹調和採暖燃料生存。 绝望
為土地種植足够的食物，其中一些人越來越耗盡和貶低的森林，土壤，
草原、漁場和野生生物為短期生存。
他們沒有豪華憂慮
長期環境質量或能持續力。
貧窮影響人口增長。 對許多
貧寒，有更多孩子是生存事情。
他們的孩子幫助他們會集燃料(主要木頭和
動物糞)，拖拉飲用水，并且趨向莊稼和
家畜。 孩子也幫助喜歡他們在他們的老年
因為他們沒有社會保險，健康關心和退休基金。

Affluence Has Harmful and
Beneficial Environmental Effects
The harmful environmental effects of poverty are serious
but those of affluence are much worse (Figure 1-8,
top). The lifestyles of many affluent consumers in developed
countries and in rapidly developing countries
such as India and China (Case Study, p. 13) are built
upon high levels of consumption and unnecessary
waste of resources. Such affluence is based mostly on
the assumption—fueled by mass advertising—that buying
more things will bring fulfillment and happiness.
This type of affluence has an enormous harmful environmental
impact. It takes about 27 tractor-trailer
loads of resources per year to support one American, or
7.9 billion truckloads per year to support the entire
U.S. population. Stretched end-to-end, this number of
trucks would reach beyond the sun!
豐富有有害和有利環境效果
貧窮的有害的環境效果是嚴肅的
但那些豐富是更壞的。許多富有消費者生活方式在開發
國家和在迅速地發展中國家
例如印度和中國 被修造
在高水平消耗量和多餘
資源浪費。 這樣豐富根據主要 假定通過許多做廣告刺激購買
將帶來履行和幸福。
豐富的這個類型有一極大有害環境
衝擊。 它乘大約27 牽引車拖車
資源裝載每支持一個美國人的年或者
7.9每支持整個的年十億貨車
美國. 人口。
Prices Do Not Include the Value
of Natural Capital
When companies use resources to create goods and
services for consumers, they are generally not required
to pay the environmental costs of such resource use.
For example, fishing companies pay the costs of catching
fish but do not pay for the depletion of fish stocks.
Timber companies pay for clear-cutting forests but not
for the resulting environmental degradation and loss of
wildlife habitat. These companies reasonably seek to
maximize their profits, so they do not voluntarily pay
these costs or even try to assess them, unless required
to do so by government laws or regulations.
As a result, the prices of goods and services do not
include their harmful environmental costs. Thus consumers
are generally not aware of them and have no
effective way to evaluate the harmful effects of the
goods and services they buy on the earth’s life-support
systems.
Another problem is that governments give companies
tax breaks and payments called subsidies to assist
them with using resources to run their businesses. This
helps create jobs and stimulate economies, but it can
also result in degradation of natural capital, again, because
the value of the natural capital is not considered.
We explore these problems and some possible solutions
in later chapters.
價格不包括價值
自然資本
當公司使用資源創造物品和
服務為消費者，一般沒有需要他們
支付這樣資源用途的環境費用。
例如，釣魚公司支付捉住的費用
魚，但不支付漁業儲備的取盡。
木材公司支付清楚切口森林，但沒有
為發生的環境退化和損失
野生生物棲所。 合理這些公司尋求
最大化他們的贏利，因此他們不自願支付
估計他們的這些費用甚至嘗試，除非要求
由政府法律或章程如此做。
結果，物品和服務的價格不包括他們有害的環境費用。 因而消費者
一般不要知道他們并且有沒有有效方式評估惡性影響的
他們在地球上買的物品和服務生活支持系統。
另一個問題是政府給公司
減稅和付款叫 補貼 協助
他們以使用資源經營他們的業務。 這
幫助創造工作并且刺激經濟，但它能
也導致自然資本的退化，再，因為自然資本的價值沒有被考慮。
我們探索這些問題和一些可能解決方案


People Have Different Views
about Environmental Problems
and Their Solutions
Differing views about the seriousness of our environmental
problems and what we should do about them
arise mostly out of differing environmental worldviews.
Your environmental worldview is a set of assumptions
and values reflecting how you think the
world works and what you think your role in the
world should be. This involves environmental ethics,
which are our beliefs about what is right and wrong
with how we treat the environment. Here are some
important ethical questions relating to the environment:
• Why should we care about the environment?
• Are we the most important beings on the planet or
are we just one of the earth’s millions of different
forms of life?
• Do we have an obligation to see that our activities
do not cause the premature extinction of other life
forms? Should we try to protect all life forms or
only some? How do we decide which ones to
protect?
• Do we have an ethical obligation to pass on to future
generations the extraordinary natural world in
at least as good condition as we inherited?
• Should every person be entitled to equal protection
from environmental hazards regardless of race,
gender, age, national origin, income, social class, or
any other factor? This is the central ethical and political
issue for what is known as the environmental
justice movement. See the Guest Essay on this topic
by Robert D. Bullard at ThomsonNOW.
人們有不同的看法
關於環境問題
并且他們的解答
分歧見解關於重要性我們環境
問題，并且什麼我們應該做關於他們
主要從不同的環境worldviews中出現。
環境 worldview 是一套假定
并且反射怎麼的價值您認為世界工作，什麼是您存在的角色
世界應該是。 這介入環境概念，
哪些是我們的信仰關於什麼是正確和錯誤的
與怎樣我們對待環境。 這一些
重要 道德問題 關於環境：
• 為什麼我們應該對環境關心？
• 是我們最重要的生存在行星或
是我們一地球成千上萬不同
生活的形式？
• 我們有義務看我們的活動
不要導致其他生活的過早的绝種
形式？ 如果我們設法保護所有生活型或
仅一些？ 怎麼我們決定哪個保護？
• 我們有道德義務通過對未來
世代非凡自然世界
至少當優良條件，我們繼承了？
• 如果有資格每個人合計保護
從環境危害不管種族，
性別，年齡，原國籍，收入，社會階層或者
其他因素？ 這是中央道德和政治的
問題為什麼通認作為 環境
正義 運動。 看客人雜文在這個題目
由羅伯特・ D。 Bullard在 ThomsonNOW。

Individuals Matter
Chattanooga’s story shows that a key to finding solutions
to environmental problems and making a transition
to more sustainable societies is to recognize that
most social change results from individual actions and
individuals acting together to bring about change by
bottom-up grassroots action. In other words, individuals
matter—an important theme of this book. Research by
social scientists suggests that it takes only 5–10% of the
population of a community, country, or the world to
bring about major social change. Such research also
shows that significant social change can occur in a
much shorter time than most people think.
Anthropologist Margaret Mead summarized our potential
for social change: “Never doubt that a small
group of thoughtful, committed citizens can change the
world. Indeed, it is the only thing that ever has.”
個體問題
加得奴加¡¦s故事顯示那一把鑰匙對發現解答
對環境問題和做轉折
對更加能承受的社會是認可那
多數社會改變起因於各自的行動和
個體一起行動達到變動
由下往上 基層行動。
社會學家建議它
一個社區、國家或者世界的人口
達到主要社會改變。 也這樣研究
表示，重大的社會改變在a可能發生
短時間比多數人認為。
人類學家Margaret Mead 總結了我們的潛力
為社會改變： 不要懷疑小
組體貼，做的公民能改變


Identified vt. 確認;識別;鑑定,驗明[(+as)] 發現,確定
shrinking vi收縮,縮短,皺縮 vt. 使收縮,使皺縮 n. 收縮[C][U
expanding a. 擴展中的;擴大中的
eroding vt. 腐蝕;侵蝕;磨損
rangeland n.牧場
deteriorating vt. 惡化;質量(或價值)下降;退化;墮落
glaciers n. 冰河[C]
destructive a.破壞的;毀滅性的[(+of/to)]
collapsing vt倒塌崩潰,瓦解;(價格)暴跌;(計劃等)突然失敗 n. 倒塌;崩潰[U]
extinct a. (火等)熄滅了的, 絕種的,滅絕的
refugees n. 難民;流亡者[C]
outputs n. 出產;生產;使出;用出
unsustainable a. 無法支撐的;無選派,派遣法維持的
poverty n. 貧窮,貧困
detail n. 細節;詳情;瑣事;枝節vt.
shelter n. 遮蓋物;躲避處;避難所[C][(+from)]
equivalent a. 相等的,相同的[(+to)] n. 相等物;等價物[(+of/to)]
Adequate a. 能滿足需要(量)的,足夠的[(+for)][+to-v]
sanitation n. 公共衛生,環境衛生
fuel n. 燃料[C][U]
heating n. 加熱;暖氣 a. 加熱的;供熱的
Desperate a. 情急拼命的,鋌而走險的, 極度渴望的[F][(+for)][+to-v]
depleting vt. 用盡;使減少
luxury n. 奢侈,奢華[U]
dung n. (牛、馬等的)糞;糞肥污穢,vt. 施糞肥於
haul vt. 拖,拉,曳;拖運,搬運
tend vi. 走向;趨向[Q][(+to/towards)]
livestock n. (總稱)家畜
reverse a. 顛倒的
desperately ad. 絕望地;不顧一切地,拼命地, 極度地;猛烈地
malnutrition n. 營養失調
protein n. 蛋白質,朊[C][U]a. (含)蛋白質的[B]
diarrhoea n. 【醫】腹瀉
measles n. 【醫】麻疹;風疹[U]
adequate a. 能滿足需要(量)的,足夠的[(+for)][+to-v]
sanitation n. 公共衛生,環境衛生
decent a. 正派的;合乎禮儀的, 親切的;寬容的;樂於助人的
ditches n. 溝;壕溝 vt把(車)開入溝裡;使(火車)出軌;使(飛機)作水上迫降
feces n.排泄物
respiratory a. 呼吸的
inhaling vt. 吸入 vi. 吸入氣體(或煙,香味)
vented n. 出口;出路;漏孔
premature a. 比預期早的,過早的
Organization n. 組織,機構,團體[C], 組織工作;體制,編制[U][C]
equivalent a. 相等的,相同的[(+to)]
jet n. 噴射;噴出物[(+of)]
ongoing a. 前進的;進行的;不間斷的n. 前進
Affluence n. 豐富;富裕
consumption n. 消耗;用盡
assumption n. 假定,設想[U][C][+(that)]
tractor n.牽引機;拖拉機
trailer n. 拖車,掛車


1-6 What Are Four Scientific Principles of Sustainability?
Nature has sustained itself for billions of years by using solar energy, biodiversity,
population regulation, and nutrient cycling—lessons from nature that we can apply
to our lifestyles and economies.
Studying Nature Reveals
Four Scientific Principles
of Sustainability
How can we live more sustainably? According to environmental
scientists, we should study how life on the
earth has survived and adapted to major changes in environmental
conditions for billions of years.
1-6 什麼是四項科學原則能持續力？
自然通過使用太陽能承受了自己億萬幾年，生物多樣性，
人口章程和營養循環¡ x教訓從我們可以應用的自然
到我們的生活方式和經濟。
學習自然顯露
四項科學原則
能持續力
我們怎麼可以居住？ 根據環境科學家，我們在應該學習怎麼生活
地球生存了并且適應了在環境上的主要變化

Reveals vt. 展現,顯露出 n. 揭示,揭露;暴露;洩露[U][C]
summarized vt總結,概述,概括 vi. 作總結,作概括
Reliance n.信賴,信任;信心[U][(+on/upon/in)]
photosynthesis n. 光合作用
principles n. 原則;原理[C]
oval a. 卵形的;橢圓形的
stimulating vt.刺激;激勵;使興奮;促使[(+to/into)][O2]
vegetation n. 【植】植被
tundra n. 【地】苔原;凍土地帶,凍原